Comparison on Making Polite Requests in English an Essays

Comparison on Making Polite Requests in English and in Chinese Abstract: Polite requests play an important role in daily communication. Different culture has various ways of making request. In order to get rid of misunderstanding, it is necessary to clarify the different polite expression of making request in diverse culture. This paper chooses to compare English and Chinese polite request making. Key words: Politeness; Request; English; Chinese Introduction With the development of mass media and information technology, communicative borders are removed and people become closer and closer. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the different lifestyles of various cultural community. However, the main reasons of successful communication does not only include how well a language is spoken, but also some personal and cultural elements. When considering social context, non- verbal communication plays an important role in language learning. A very interesting topic in this large field is politeness, since forms of politeness are often misinterpreted and lead to misunderstandings. So I chose to have a closer look at the differences between politeness in Chinese and English. Politeness is known as a courteous manner that displays respects, show deference in society where people live and communicate together (OED online). Furthermore, according to Brown and Levinson (1978), politeness theory is the speaker's expressions use toward receiver in soft manner of Face Threaten Acts (FTAs) to saving face of addressees. There are four main strategies in politeness theory as: bald-on record, positive politeness, negative politeness and off record. Bald- on record, a type is commonly with people known each other very well and very comfortable in their environment, is reduce the impact of FTAs. Off record is removing the speakers from any imposition whatsoever (Zhan, 1992). "Positive politeness is redress directed to addressee's positive face" (Brown and Levinson, 1978, p.101), while negative politeness is making a request less intrude into a person's private. Alternatively, request is a type of speech of act where the speaker ask or demand from the hearer to perform an act which is for the benefit of the speaker. A request has two parts: head act and modifiers. Head act is the main utterance which conveys a complete request and can stand by itself without any modifiers for express demand. The head act is follow by modifiers that moderate or exaggerate the impact of the request on the addressee. For example, "Could I borrow your dictionary, please?" where "Could I borrow your dictionary" is head act and "please" is modifier. So, every culture, every language has different ways to making requests in politeness. Therefore, the scope in this research is compared the differences expression of politeness requesting in two languages: English and Chinese. Following to House and Kasper (1981), their research claimed that speakers prefer to choose negative politeness strategies than positive politeness because when the relative face threat is high because negative politeness strategies are easily compensation than positive politeness strategies. To evaluate the difference of politeness in making request in two languages English and Chinese, the research will analyse three difference situations in classroom, at restaurant and at home. Discussion In English grammar, in order to make a polite request, people usually use the modal verbs like can, could, will, would to allow the speaker to ask their need by asking for or giving permission, and so on. The formation of making a polite request is: (Leech, Cruickhank, Ivanic, 2001) Modal Verb (Could/ Can/ Will/ Would) + Subject + Base Verb +.... ? For example, Can you give a book? So, in this sentence, "can" is a modal verb, "you" is subject and "give" is base verb. In Chinese grammar as like as English grammar, speakers use optatives verbs (e.g. ?,,?)to express wishes, making a request, and have permissions. Follow to the grammar rule, the optatives verb put before the main verb and add"?" - question particle at the end of the sentence: (Wang, 1996) S + Opt. Verb + Main Verb + Obj. + (e.g. ) Or in an affirmative-negative question, the negative adverb should be put between the optatives verb instead of the main verb: (Wang, 1996) S + Opt. Verb + ? (Negative Adv.) + Opt. verb + Main Verb + Obj. ? (e.g. ) Additionally, in imperative sentences or interrogative sentences English is adding the conventional expression "please" to make their requests more polite and to make soften their utterance text (E.g. Please give me a book! or Could you give a book, please?) (Leech, Cruickhank, Ivanic, 2001) On the other hand, Chinese grammar has many strategies to making a request in politeness by using reduplication of verbs, using

Response to an Ineffective Editorial essays

Response to an Ineffective Editorial essays Response to an Ineffective Editorial In an October 1st, 2004 editorial in the New York Post titled John Delivers in Do-Or-Die Situation, the author, Deborah Orin, claims that Kerry came through when he most needed to with one if his best debates, while Bush suffered perhaps the worst he has ever had. Although Orin states the editorials point in the title, her writing lacks clarity and adequate information to prove her point. Orin describes the debate as the worst debate that President Bush has ever had while Democrat John Kerry scored one of his best. She explains its almost as if Bush and Kerry swapped places because Kerry was more alert than the typical extremely attentive Bush. Bushs behavior during this debate is depicted by the author as hesitant and defensive where as Kerrys is described as more focused and aggressive. Orin believes Kerry proved his strongest points when he most needed to because he was falling behind in the polls. He was on message and unyielding, and he had those answers that America was formerly searching for in him all along. According to the author, the debate could give Kerry a fresh start. He validated himself as a potential commander-in-chief and set himself on a more equal footing. However, Orin recognizes that Republicans disagree with her and say although the polls show that Kerry won the debate his victory will not decide the final vote. Two debates stil l remain. Orin ended her article speaking of the mannerisms of Bush and Kerry. Bush made countless irritated facial expressions as he listened to Kerrys remarks, whereas Kerry kept a smile on his face while Bush was speaking. While Orins opinion on the debate is evident, she does not thoroughly explain the reasons for her analysis or use information to support her views. ...